
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 1.487$^{***}$ & 1.132$^{***}$ & 1.068$^{***}$ & 1.513$^{***}$ & 0.202$^{***}$ & 0.140$^{***}$ & 0.125$^{***}$ & 0.147$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.182)       & (0.161)       & (0.187)       & (0.171)       & (0.023)       & (0.020)       & (0.020)       & (0.019)\\   
   Surname diversity square   & 0.152$^{**}$  & 0.005         & -0.009        & 0.115         & 0.049$^{***}$ & 0.024$^{***}$ & 0.019$^{***}$ & 0.032$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.068)       & (0.068)       & (0.076)       & (0.083)       & (0.011)       & (0.009)       & (0.007)       & (0.008)\\   
   Population                 &               & 0.668$^{***}$ & 0.653$^{***}$ & 0.635$^{***}$ &               & 0.116$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$ & 0.072$^{**}$\\   
                              &               & (0.120)       & (0.127)       & (0.195)       &               & (0.019)       & (0.019)       & (0.030)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.961$^{***}$ & 0.461$^{***}$  & 0.396$^{**}$   & 0.749$^{***}$ & 0.121$^{***}$ & 0.028         & 0.025         & 0.059$^{**}$\\   
                                      & (0.169)       & (0.146)        & (0.179)        & (0.171)       & (0.019)       & (0.020)       & (0.022)       & (0.026)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity square & 0.011         & -0.178$^{***}$ & -0.192$^{***}$ & -0.120$^{*}$  & 0.022$^{**}$  & -0.013$^{**}$ & -0.013$^{**}$ & -0.002\\   
                                      & (0.062)       & (0.059)        & (0.063)        & (0.064)       & (0.008)       & (0.006)       & (0.005)       & (0.008)\\   
   Predicted population               &               & 0.869$^{***}$  & 0.894$^{***}$  & 0.477$^{**}$  &               & 0.162$^{***}$ & 0.147$^{***}$ & 0.054\\   
                                      &               & (0.155)        & (0.170)        & (0.198)       &               & (0.029)       & (0.029)       & (0.044)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                          & 1.560$^{***}$ & 1.118$^{***}$ & 1.036$^{***}$ & 1.536$^{***}$ & 0.215$^{***}$ & 0.126$^{***}$ & 0.121$^{***}$ & 0.138$^{***}$\\   
                                              & (0.201)       & (0.231)       & (0.250)       & (0.224)       & (0.025)       & (0.030)       & (0.027)       & (0.034)\\   
   Surname diversity square      & 0.175$^{**}$  & -0.028        & -0.065        & 0.094         & 0.055$^{***}$ & 0.014         & 0.012         & 0.024\\   
                                              & (0.072)       & (0.086)       & (0.080)       & (0.103)       & (0.012)       & (0.012)       & (0.009)       & (0.015)\\   
   Population                                 &               & 0.711$^{***}$ & 0.725$^{***}$ & 0.525$^{*}$   &               & 0.142$^{***}$ & 0.121$^{***}$ & 0.065\\   
                                              &               & (0.179)       & (0.139)       & (0.277)       &               & (0.033)       & (0.025)       & (0.070)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat       & 200; 312      & 105; 117; 105 & 135; 132; 165 & 99; 77; 84    & 200; 312      & 105; 117; 105 & 135; 132; 165 & 99; 77; 84\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity square}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.657$^{***}$     & 0.547$^{***}$     & 0.581$^{***}$     & 0.562$^{***}$     & -0.361$^{***}$                             & -0.557$^{***}$                             & -0.458$^{***}$                             & -0.362$^{***}$                             \\
                                      & (0.035)           & (0.034)           & (0.038)           & (0.039)           & (0.071)                                    & (0.089)                                    & (0.088)                                    & (0.103)                                    \\
   Predicted surname diversity square & -0.068$^{***}$    & -0.110$^{***}$    & -0.100$^{***}$    & -0.106$^{***}$    & 0.669$^{***}$                              & 0.595$^{***}$                              & 0.613$^{***}$                              & 0.619$^{***}$                              \\
                                      & (0.014)           & (0.013)           & (0.012)           & (0.011)           & (0.043)                                    & (0.067)                                    & (0.067)                                    & (0.072)                                    \\
   Predicted population               &                   & 0.191$^{***}$     & 0.119$^{***}$     & 0.097$^{***}$     &                                            & 0.340$^{***}$                              & 0.157                                      & 0.022                                      \\
                                      &                   & (0.015)           & (0.016)           & (0.016)           &                                            & (0.123)                                    & (0.129)                                    & (0.167)                                    \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}
   Predicted surname diversity        &  & -0.233$^{***}$ & -0.325$^{***}$ & -0.152$^{***}$ &  &  &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.036)        & (0.046)        & (0.053)        &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity square &  & -0.054$^{***}$ & -0.067$^{***}$ & -0.031$^{***}$ &  &  &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.012)        & (0.013)        & (0.012)        &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population               &  & 0.936$^{***}$  & 1.077$^{***}$  & 0.621$^{***}$  &  &  &  &  \\
                                      &  & (0.062)        & (0.088)        & (0.126)        &  &  &  &  \\
\\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


